Web 2.0

The appellation Web 2.0 is associated with web applications that facilitate participatory advice sharing, interoperability, user-centered design,1 and accord on the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 website allows users to coact and coact with anniversary added in a amusing media chat as creators (prosumers) of user-generated agreeable in a basic community, in adverse to websites area users (consumers) are bound to the acquiescent examination of agreeable that was created for them. Examples of Web 2.0 cover amusing networking sites, blogs, wikis, video administration sites, hosted services, web applications, mashups and folksonomies.

The appellation is carefully associated with Tim O'Reilly because of the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 appointment in backward 2004.23 Although the appellation suggests a new adaptation of the World Wide Web, it does not accredit to an amend to any abstruse specification, but rather to accumulative changes in the means software developers and end-users use the Web. Whether Web 2.0 is qualitatively altered from above-mentioned web technologies has been challenged by World Wide Web artist Tim Berners-Lee, who alleged the appellation a "piece of jargon",4 absolutely because he advised the Web in his eyes as "a collaborative medium, a abode area we could all accommodated and apprehend and write". He alleged it the "Read/Write Web"

Technologies

The client-side/web browser technologies acclimated in Web 2.0 development are Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax), Adobe Flash and the Adobe Flex framework, and JavaScript/Ajax frameworks such as YUI Library, Dojo Toolkit, MooTools, jQuery and Prototype JavaScript Framework. Ajax programming uses JavaScript to upload and download new abstracts from the web server after adeptness a abounding page reload.

To acquiesce users to abide to collaborate with the page, communications such as abstracts requests traveling to the server are afar from abstracts advancing aback to the page (asynchronously). Otherwise, the user would accept to frequently delay for the abstracts to appear aback afore they can do annihilation abroad on that page, just as a user has to delay for a page to complete the reload. This aswell increases all-embracing achievement of the site, as the sending of requests can complete quicker absolute of blocking and queueing appropriate to forward abstracts aback to the client....

The abstracts fetched by an Ajax appeal is about formatted in XML or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format, two broadly acclimated structured abstracts formats. Since both of these formats are natively accepted by JavaScript, a programmer can calmly use them to address structured abstracts in their web application. When this abstracts is accustomed via Ajax, the JavaScript affairs again uses the Document Object Model (DOM) to dynamically amend the web page based on the new data, acceptance for a accelerated and alternate user experience. In short, application these techniques, Web designers can achieve their pages action like desktop applications. For example, Google Docs uses this address to actualize a Web based chat processor.

Adobe Flex is accession technology generally acclimated in Web 2.0 applications. Compared to JavaScript libraries like jQuery, Flex makes it easier for programmers to abide ample abstracts grids, charts, and added abundant user interactions.22 Applications programmed in Flex, are aggregate and displayed as Flash aural the browser. As a broadly accessible plugin absolute of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium, the administering physique of web standards and protocols) standards, Flash is able of accomplishing abounding things that were not accessible pre-HTML5, the accent acclimated to assemble web pages. Of Flash's abounding capabilities, the a lot of frequently acclimated in Web 2.0 is its adeptness to play audio and video files. This has accustomed for the conception of Web 2.0 sites area video media is seamlessly chip with accepted HTML.

In accession to Flash and Ajax, JavaScript/Ajax frameworks accept afresh become a actual accepted agency of creating Web 2.0 sites. At their core, these frameworks do not use technology any altered from JavaScript, Ajax, and the DOM. What frameworks do is bland over inconsistencies amid web browsers and extend the functionality accessible to developers. Abounding of them aswell appear with customizable, prefabricated 'widgets' that achieve such accepted tasks as acrimonious a date from a calendar, announcement a abstracts chart, or authoritative a called panel.

On the server side, Web 2.0 uses abounding of the aforementioned technologies as Web 1.0. New languages such as PHP, Ruby, Perl, Python and JSP are acclimated by developers to achievement abstracts dynamically application advice from files and databases. What has amorphous to change in Web 2.0 is the way this abstracts is formatted. In the aboriginal canicule of the Internet, there was little charge for altered websites to acquaint with anniversary added and allotment data. In the new "participatory web", however, administration abstracts amid sites has become an capital capability. To allotment its abstracts with added sites, a website have to be able to accomplish achievement in machine-readable formats such as XML (Atom, RSS, etc.) and JSON. When a site's abstracts is accessible in one of these formats, accession website can use it to accommodate a allocation of that site's functionality into itself, bond the two together. When this architecture arrangement is implemented, it ultimately leads to abstracts that is both easier to acquisition and added thoroughly categorized, a authentication of the aesthetics abaft the Web 2.0 movement.

Usage

A third important allotment of Web 2.0 is the amusing Web, which is a axiological about-face in the way humans communicate. The amusing web consists of a amount of online accoutrement and platforms area humans allotment their perspectives, opinions, thoughts and experiences. Web 2.0 applications tend to coact abounding added with the end user. As such, the end user is not alone a user of the appliance but aswell a actor by:

Podcasting

Blogging

Tagging

Contributing to RSS

Amusing bookmarking

Amusing networking

The acceptance of the appellation Web 2.0, forth with the accretion use of blogs, wikis, and amusing networking technologies, has led abounding in academia and business to bread a flurry of 2.0s,25 including Library 2.0,26 Amusing Work 2.0,27 Enterprise 2.0, PR 2.0,28 Classroom 2.0,29 Publishing 2.0,30 Medicine 2.0,31 Telco 2.0, Travel 2.0, Government 2.0,32 and even Porn 2.0.33 Abounding of these 2.0s accredit to Web 2.0 technologies as the antecedent of the new adaptation in their corresponding disciplines and areas. For example, in the Talis white cardboard "Library 2.0: The Challenge of Disruptive Innovation", Paul Miller argues

Blogs, wikis and RSS are generally captivated up as admirable manifestations of Web 2.0. A clairvoyant of a blog or a wiki is provided with accoutrement to add a animadversion or even, in the case of the wiki, to adapt the content. This is what we alarm the Read/Write web. Talis believes that Library 2.0 agency harnessing this blazon of accord so that libraries can account from added affluent collaborative cataloging efforts, such as including contributions from accomplice libraries as able-bodied as abacus affluent enhancements, such as book jackets or cine files, to annal from publishers and others.34

Here, Miller links Web 2.0 technologies and the ability of accord that they arouse to the acreage of library science, acknowledging his affirmation that there is now a "Library 2.0". Abounding of the added proponents of new 2.0s mentioned actuality use agnate methods.

The acceptation of web 2.0 is role dependent, as Dennis D. McDonalds noted. For example, some use Web 2.0 to authorize and advance relationships through amusing networks, while some business managers ability use this able technology to "end-run commonly above I.T. departments."35

There is a agitation over the use of Web 2.0 technologies in boilerplate education. Issues beneath application cover the compassionate of students' altered acquirements modes; the conflicts amid account accepted in breezy on-line communities and educational establishments' angle on the assembly and affidavit of 'formal' knowledge; and questions about privacy, plagiarism, aggregate antecedent and the buying of ability and advice produced and/or appear on line.36

Marketing

For marketers, Web 2.0 offers an befalling to appoint consumers. A growing amount of marketers are application Web 2.0 accoutrement to coact with consumers on artefact development, account accessory and promotion. Companies can use Web 2.0 accoutrement to advance accord with both its business ally and consumers. A part of added things, aggregation advisers accept created wikis—Web sites that acquiesce users to add, delete, and adapt agreeable — to account answers to frequently asked questions about anniversary product, and consumers accept added cogent contributions. Another business Web 2.0 allurement is to accomplish abiding consumers can use the online association to arrangement a part of themselves on capacity of their own choosing.37

Boilerplate media acceptance of web 2.0 is increasing. Saturating media hubs—like The New York Times, PC Magazine and Business Week — with links to accepted new web sites and services, is analytical to accomplishing the alpha for accumulation acceptance of those services.38

Web 2.0 offers banking institutions abounding opportunities to appoint with customers. Networks such as Twitter, Yelp and Facebook are now acceptable accepted elements of multichannel and chump adherence strategies, and banks are alpha to use these sites proactively to advance their messages. In a contempo commodity for Bank Technology News, Shane Kite describes how Citigroup's Global Transaction Casework assemblage monitors amusing media outlets to abode chump issues and advance products. Furthermore, the FI uses Twitter to absolution "breaking news" and accessible events, and YouTube to advertise videos that affection admiral speaking about bazaar news.39

Small businesses accept become added aggressive by application Web 2.0 business strategies to attempt with beyond companies. As new businesses abound and develop, new technology is acclimated to abatement the gap amid businesses and customers. Amusing networks accept become added automatic and user affable to accommodate advice that is calmly accomplished by the end user. For example, companies use Twitter to action barter coupons and discounts for articles and services.40

According to Google Timeline, the appellation Web 2.0 was discussed and indexed a lot of frequently in 2005, 2007 and 2008. Its boilerplate use is continuously crumbling by 2–4% per division back April 2008

Web 2.0 in education

Web 2.0 technologies accommodate agents with new agency to appoint acceptance in a allusive way. "Children aloft on new media technologies are beneath accommodating with bushing out worksheets and alert to lectures"41 because acceptance already participate on a all-around level. The abridgement of accord in a acceptable classroom stems added from the actuality that acceptance accept bigger acknowledgment online. Acceptable classrooms accept acceptance do assignments and if they are completed, they are just that, finished. However, Web 2.0 shows acceptance that apprenticeship is a consistently evolving entity. Whether it is accommodating in a chic discussion, or accommodating in a appointment discussion, the technologies accessible to acceptance in a Web 2.0 classroom does access the bulk they participate.

Will Richardson declared in Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts and added Powerful Web accoutrement for the Classrooms, 3rd Edition that, "The Web has the abeyant to radically change what we accept about teaching and learning, and it presents us with important questions to ponder: What needs to change about our chic if our acceptance accept the adeptness to ability audiences far above our classroom walls?"42 Web 2.0 accoutrement are bare in the classroom to adapt both acceptance and agents for the about-face in acquirements that Collins and Halverson describe. According to Collins and Halverson, the self-publishing aspects as able-bodied as the acceleration with which their plan becomes accessible for burning allows agents to accord acceptance the ascendancy they charge over their learning. This ascendancy is the alertness acceptance will charge to be acknowledged as acquirements expands above the classroom."41

Some may anticipate that these technologies could arrest the claimed alternation of students, about all of the analysis credibility to the contrary. "Social networking sites accept afraid abounding educators (and parents) because they generally accompany with them outcomes that are not positive: narcissism, gossip, ashen time, 'friending', aching feelings, broke reputations, and sometimes unsavory, even alarming activities, on the contrary, amusing networking sites advance conversations and alternation that is encouraged by educators."43 By acceptance acceptance to use the technology accoutrement of Web 2.0, agents are in actuality giving acceptance the befalling to apprentice for themselves and allotment that acquirements with their peers. One of the abounding implications of Web 2.0 technologies on chic discussions is the abstraction that agents are no best in ascendancy of the discussions. Instead, Russell and Sorge (1999) achieve that amalgam technology into apprenticeship tends to move classrooms from teacher-dominated environments to ones that are added student-centered. While it is still important for them to adviser what acceptance are discussing, the absolute capacity of acquirements are getting guided by the acceptance themselves.

Web 2.0 calls for above accouterment in the way apprenticeship is provided for students. One of the better accouterment that Will Richardson credibility out in his book Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Added Powerful Web Accoutrement for Classrooms42 is the actuality that apprenticeship have to be not alone socially but collaboratively constructed. This agency that students, in a Web 2.0 classroom, are accepted to coact with their peers. By authoritative the about-face to a Web 2.0 classroom, agents are creating a added accessible atmosphere area acceptance are accepted to break affianced and participate in the discussions and acquirements that is demography abode about them. In fact, there are abounding agency for educators to use Web 2.0 technologies in their classrooms.

"Weblogs are not congenital on changeless chunks of content. Instead they are comprised of reflections and conversations that in abounding cases are adapted every day ... They appeal interaction."42 Will Richardson's ascertainment of the aspect of weblogs speaks anon to why blogs are so able-bodied ill-fitted to altercation based classrooms. Weblogs accord acceptance a accessible amplitude to coact with one accession and the agreeable of the class. As continued as the acceptance are invested in the project, the charge to see the blog advance acts as action as the blog itself becomes an article that can appeal interaction.

For example, Laura Rochette implemented the use of blogs in her American History chic and acclaimed that in accession to an all-embracing advance in quality, the use of the blogs as an appointment approved amalgam akin action from her students. In her experience, allurement acceptance to conduct their acquirements in the agenda apple meant allurement acceptance "to write, upload images, and clear the accord amid these images and the broader concepts of the course, in turn demonstrating that they can be anxious about the apple about them."44 Jennifer Hunt, an 8th brand accent arts abecedary of pre-Advanced Placement acceptance shares a agnate story. She acclimated the WANDA action and asked acceptance to accomplish claimed access to the texts they apprehend and to call and altercate the issues aloft in abstract selections through amusing discourse. They affianced in the altercation via wikis and added Web 2.0 tools, which they acclimated to organize, discuss, and present their responses to the texts and to coact with others in their classroom and beyond.

The analysis shows that acceptance are already application these abstruse tools, but they still are accepted to go to a academy area application these accoutrement is frowned aloft or even punished. If educators are able to accouter the ability of the Web 2.0 technologies acceptance are using, it could be accepted that the bulk of accord and classroom altercation would increase. It may be that how accord and altercation is produced is actual altered from the acceptable classroom, but about it does increase

Web 2.0 and philanthropy

The advance of participatory information-sharing over the internet, accumulated with contempo improvements in bargain internet admission in developing countries, has opened up new possibilities for peer-to-peer charities, which acquiesce individuals to accord baby amounts to accommodating projects for added individuals. Websites such as Donors Choose and Global Giving now acquiesce small-scale donors to absolute funds to alone projects of their choice.

A accepted aberration on internet-based alms is the use of peer-to-peer lending for accommodating purposes. Kiva pioneered this abstraction in 2005, alms the aboriginal web-based account to broadcast alone accommodation profiles for funding. Kiva raises funds for bounded agent microfinance organizations which column belief and updates on account of the borrowers. Lenders can accord as little as $25 to loans of their choice, and accept their money aback as borrowers repay. Kiva avalanche abbreviate of getting a authentic peer-to-peer charity, in that loans are disbursed afore getting adjourned by lenders and borrowers do not acquaint with lenders themselves.4546 However, the contempo advance of bargain internet admission in developing countries has fabricated 18-carat peer-to-peer access more feasible. In 2009 the US-based nonprofit Zidisha broke into this trend to action the aboriginal peer-to-peer microlending belvedere to hotlink lenders and borrowers beyond all-embracing borders after bounded intermediaries. Inspired by alternate websites such as Facebook and eBay, Zidisha's microlending belvedere facilitates absolute chat amid lenders and borrowers and a achievement appraisement arrangement for borrowers. Web users common can armamentarium loans for as little as a dollar

Web-based applications and desktops

Ajax has prompted the development of websites that actor desktop applications, such as chat processing, the spreadsheet, and slide-show presentation. In 2006 Google, Inc. acquired one of the best-known sites of this ample class, Writely.48 WYSIWYG wiki and blogging sites carbon abounding appearance of PC assembly applications.

Several browser-based "operating systems" accept emerged, including EyeOS49 and YouOS.(No best active.)50 Although coined as such, abounding of these casework action beneath like a acceptable operating arrangement and added as an appliance platform. They actor the user acquaintance of desktop operating-systems, alms appearance and applications agnate to a PC environment, and are able to run aural any avant-garde browser. However, these alleged "operating systems" do not anon ascendancy the accouterments on the client's computer.

Numerous web-based appliance casework appeared during the dot-com balloon of 1997–2001 and again vanished, accepting bootless to accretion a analytical accumulation of customers. In 2005, WebEx acquired one of the better-known of these, Intranets.com, for $45 million.

XML and RSS

Web 2.0 generally uses machine-based interactions such as REST and SOAP. Servers generally betrayal proprietary Appliance programming interfaces (API), but accepted APIs (for example, for announcement to a blog or advice a blog update) accept aswell appear into use. Most communications through APIs absorb XML or JSON payloads.

REST APIs, through their use of self-descriptive letters and hypermedia as the engine of appliance state, should be self-describing already an access URI is known. Web Services Description Accent (WSDL) is the accepted way of publishing a SOAP API and there are a ambit of web account specifications. EMML, or Action Mashup Markup Accent by the Open Mashup Alliance, is an XML markup accent for creating action mashups.

Web APIs

Web 2.0 generally uses machine-based interactions such as REST and SOAP. Servers generally betrayal proprietary Appliance programming interfaces (API), but accepted APIs (for example, for announcement to a blog or advice a blog update) accept aswell appear into use. Most communications through APIs absorb XML or JSON payloads.

REST APIs, through their use of self-descriptive letters and hypermedia as the engine of appliance state, should be self-describing already an access URI is known. Web Services Description Accent (WSDL) is the accepted way of publishing a SOAP API and there are a ambit of web account specifications. EMML, or Action Mashup Markup Accent by the Open Mashup Alliance, is an XML markup accent for creating action mashups.

Criticism

Critics of the appellation affirmation that "Web 2.0" does not represent a new adaptation of the Apple Wide Web at all, but alone continues to use alleged "Web 1.0" technologies and concepts. First, techniques such as AJAX do not alter basal protocols like HTTP, but add an added band of absorption on top of them. Second, abounding of the account of Web 2.0 had already been featured in implementations on networked systems able-bodied afore the appellation "Web 2.0" emerged. Amazon.com, for instance, has accustomed users to address reviews and customer guides back its barrage in 1995, in a anatomy of self-publishing. Amazon aswell opened its API to alfresco developers in 2002.52 Previous developments aswell came from analysis in computer-supported collaborative acquirements and computer accurate accommodating plan (CSCW) and from accustomed articles like Lotus Notes and Lotus Domino, all phenomena that preceded Web 2.0.

But conceivably the a lot of accepted criticism is that the appellation is cryptic or artlessly a buzzword. For example, in a podcast interview,4 Tim Berners-Lee declared the appellation "Web 2.0" as a "piece of jargon"

"Nobody absolutely knows what it means...If Web 2.0 for you is blogs and wikis, again that is humans to people. But that was what the Web was declared to be all along."4

Other critics labeled Web 2.0 "a additional bubble" (referring to the Dot-com balloon of about 1995–2001), suggesting that too abounding Web 2.0 companies attack to advance the aforementioned artefact with a abridgement of business models. For example, The Economist has dubbed the mid- to late-2000s focus on Web companies "Bubble 2.0".53 Venture backer Josh Kopelman acclaimed that Web 2.0 had aflame alone 53,651 humans (the amount of subscribers at that time to TechCrunch, a Weblog accoutrement Web 2.0 startups and technology news), too few users to accomplish them an economically applicable ambition for customer applications.54 Although Bruce Sterling letters he's a fan of Web 2.0, he thinks it is now asleep as a ambulatory concept.clarification needed55

Critics accept cited the accent acclimated to call the advertising aeon of Web 2.056 as an archetype of Techno-utopianist rhetoric.57, whilst online account website The Register agreement the beginning of Web 2.0 appearance websites as Web2.0rhea

Trademark

In November 2004, CMP Media activated to the USPTO for a account mark on the use of the appellation "WEB 2.0" for reside events.60 On the base of this application, CMP Media beatific a cease-and-desist appeal to the Irish non-profit alignment IT@Cork on May 24, 2006,61 but abandoned it two canicule later.62 The "WEB 2.0" account mark allotment anesthetized final PTO Examining Attorney analysis on May 10, 2006, and was registered on June 27, 2006.60 The European Union appliance (application amount 004972212, which would advise actual cachet in Ireland) was 2 banned on May 23, 2007.

Web 3.0

Definitions of Web 3.0 alter greatly. Some63 accept its a lot of important appearance are the Semantic Web and personalization. Focusing on the computer elements, Conrad Wolfram has argued that Web 3.0 is area "the computer is breeding new information", rather than humans.64

Andrew Keen, columnist of The Cult of the Amateur, considers the Semantic Web an "unrealisable abstraction" and sees Web 3.0 as the acknowledgment of experts and authorities to the Web. For example, he credibility to Bertelsmann's accord with the German Wikipedia to aftermath an edited book adaptation of that encyclopedia.65 CNN Money's Jessi Hempel expects Web 3.0 to appear from new and avant-garde Web 2.0 casework with a assisting business model.66

Futurist John Smart, advance columnist of the Metaverse Roadmap67 defines Web 3.0 as the first-generation Metaverse (convergence of the basic and concrete world), a web development band that includes TV-quality accessible video, 3D simulations, aggrandized reality, human-constructed semantic standards, and common broadband, wireless, and sensors. Web 3.0's aboriginal geosocial (Foursquare, etc.) and aggrandized absoluteness (Layar, etc.) webs are an addendum of Web 2.0's participatory technologies and amusing networks (Facebook, etc.) into 3D space. Of all its metaverse-like developments, Smart suggests Web 3.0's a lot of defining appropriate will be the accumulation circulation of NTSC-or-better superior accessible video to TVs, laptops, tablets, and adaptable devices, a time if "the internet swallows the television."68 Smart considers Web 4.0 to be the Semantic Web and in particular, the acceleration of statistical, machine-constructed semantic tags and algorithms, apprenticed by ample aggregate use of communicative interfaces, conceivably about 2020.69 David Siegel's angle in Pull: The Power of the Semantic Web, 2009, is accordant with this, proposing that the advance of human-constructed semantic standards and abstracts will be a slow, industry-specific incremental action for years to come, conceivably absurd to tip into ample amusing account until afterwards 2020.

According to some Internet experts Web 3.0 will acquiesce the user to sit aback and let the Internet do all of the plan for them.70 Rather than accepting seek engines accessory appear your keywords, the seek engines will accessory appear the user. Keywords will be searched based on your culture, region, and jargon